by Abigail Adu, Associate Member, University of Cincinnati Law Review Vol. 93
I. Introduction
With eight Olympic medals, including five gold, Simone Biles became the most decorated gymnast in United States history during the 2024 Olympic Games.[1] Referred to as the GOAT, or “Greatest of All Time,” Biles stuns crowds by performing skills that no female gymnast has.[2] Biles’s success, however, did not come without hardship.[3] Biles was one of the hundreds of elite gymnasts who were abused by USA Gymnastics’ head doctor, Larry Nassar.[4] To address and prevent future abuse within Olympic sports, Congress passed the SafeSport Act in 2018.[5] However, when Biles pulled out of the 2020 Tokyo Olympics due to her struggle with mental health,[6] it became clear that the abuses the SafeSport Act was intended to fix are deeply rooted within elite gymnastics and the Olympic structure.[7]
This article will discuss why Congress passed the SafeSport Act and examine how it can be reformed. Part II provides background on why elite gymnasts are particularly vulnerable to abuse and explains the types of abuse many elite gymnasts suffer. Part II will also analyze the SafeSport Act and its fundamental failings. Part III argues why Congress must reform the SafeSport Act to prevent future abuse of female gymnasts. Finally, Part IV acknowledges that while the SafeSport Act has led to progress in women’s gymnastics, more work needs to be done.
II. Background
The standardization of modern gymnastics began with the creation of the Federation of International Gymnastics (“FIG”) in 1881.[8] The FIG, which still operates today, oversees and governs all international gymnastics competitions.[9] At the national level, American women’s gymnastics is governed by USA Gymnastics (“USAG”).[10] USAG is the National Governing Body for gymnastics. [11] National Governing Bodies (“NGBs”) govern and manage all aspects of training and development for the sport, including nominating athletes to the U.S. Olympic and Paralympic teams.[12]
The modern format of women’s gymnastics, which includes the apparatuses of floor, uneven bars, beam, and vault, first appeared in the 1952 Olympics.[13] Since then, it has become one of the most popular Olympic sports in the United States.[14] As gymnastics developed and became more successful in the United States, so did the potential for abuse of young and vulnerable athletes.
A. How Modern Women’s Gymnastics Made Elite Gymnasts Vulnerable to Abuse
Modern gymnastics’ portrayal of the female body, combined with the young age of elite gymnasts and the shift in coaching methods during the 1990s, fostered a culture of abuse within gymnastics. This culture sanctioned the physical, emotional, and sexual abuse of elite athletes for decades. However, it was not until the horrifying acts of Larry Nassar were uncovered that Congress took notice and passed the SafeSport Act (“the Act”) in 2018.[15]
1. Portrayal of the Female Body
Modern gymnastics originated in Europe and was viewed as a masculine sport to promote strength and nationalism.[16] So, to avoid threatening the masculine nature of the sport, the Olympics accepted Women’s Artistic Gymnastics (“WAG”) contingent on women’s gymnastics representing socially accepted ideas of femininity.[17] For example, to compete, the FIG required female gymnasts to wear tight leotards cut at the hip.[18] Elastics typically cinched the waist of the leotard to highlight the gymnast’s shape.[19] Further, leotards are typically bright, colorful, and reflective to showcase femininity.[20] While some FIG rules have changed, female gymnasts were prohibited from wearing shorts in competition until 2021.[21] Therefore, women’s gymnastics is rooted in patriarchal ideals of the female body.
2. Young Age of Elite Gymnasts
During the 1960s and 70s, the FIG required all elite gymnasts to be amateurs.[22] Amateur athletes receive little to no compensation for their work.[23] As a result, women in their twenties with jobs to maintain or families to support did not have the time or financial resources to train at an elite level for an amateur sport.[24] Because of this, only female athletes who had someone to support them financially, such as teens and children, could compete at an elite level.[25] As a result, the average age of female gymnasts declined.[26] Around the same time, gymnastics shifted from a sport dominated by female coaches to a sport dominated by male coaches.[27] Male coaches preferred working with prepubescent girls because their bodies were more similar to boys, whom they were used to working with.[28] So, by the 1970s, most successful elite female gymnasts in the U.S. were under eighteen.[29]
3. Coaching Shifts in the Late Twentieth Century
For most of the twentieth century, Eastern Europe dominated the Olympic medal count in gymnastics, so U.S. gymnastics was considered unimportant. [30] Many Eastern European gymnasts trained long, hard hours in state-sponsored sports schools.[31] To maintain their success, Eastern European coaches kept their training methods secret.[32] However, as tensions rose in the Soviet Union and following its collapse, Soviet coaches moved and began coaching in the West and sharing their techniques and coaching methods.[33]
One of the most prominent examples of Eastern European coaches affecting Western gymnastics is Béla and Márta Károlyi. The Károlyis are a husband and wife duo from Romania who first became successful after training Nadia Comăneci, the first gymnast to receive a perfect ten score in an Olympic competition.[34] The Károlyis moved to the U.S. in 1981 and started their gymnastics club.[35] The Károlyis then trained 16-year-old U.S. Gymnast Mary Lou Retton, the first American female gymnast to win the coveted all-around title at the 1984 U.S. Olympics.[36] After Retton’s win, the Károlyis became two of the most successful coaches in the U.S.[37] Between 1984 and 1996, Béla coached nine Olympic gymnasts.[38] Further, Béla became the National Team Coordinator in 1996, which granted him direct power to select the Olympic team members.[39] Márta replaced Béla as National Team Coordinator in 2001 and served until 2015.[40] By the early twenty-first century, the Károlyis completely transformed women’s gymnastics in the U.S., giving them the power to do whatever necessary to win.[41]
B. The Culture of Abuse within Gymnastics
As early as 1990, the media and the press accused the Károlyis of beating, starving, and emotionally abusing their gymnasts.[42] However, USAG never sanctioned or investigated them because of their perceived positive impact on women’s gymnastics.[43] As a result, the Károlyis extreme methods became the standard coaching method in elite gymnastics, and physical, emotional, and sexual abuse against young girls became normal within elite gymnastics.[44]
1. Physical Abuse
Other elite coaches soon adopted the Károlyis “win at all costs” philosophy.[45] Coaches expected young elite gymnasts to hide, cover-up, or push through their physical injuries unless they wanted to jeopardize their chance at Olympic success.[46] One notable example is Kerri Strug’s performance at the 1996 Olympics.[47] During the team final competition, the chance of a U.S. gold was contingent on the 18-year-old executing a solid vault. However, Strug had an ankle injury that prevented her from safely executing the powerful movements of the vault.[48] Despite her injury, Béla Károlyi told Strug she must perform.[49] Strug executed the vault, and she won the gold medal for the U.S.; immediately after landing, however, Strug collapsed to the ground in agony.[50] Strug’s performance exemplified a larger mindset that elite gymnastics embodied: a gymnast’s health is second to winning.[51]
2. Emotional Abuse
To be considered for the Olympics, gymnasts must first make the national team.[52] Starting in 2000, Béla instituted a mandatory camp for national team members at his ranch in Texas, which gymnasts were required to attend annually.[53] The teenage gymnasts were housed separately from their personal coaches at the camp.[54] There was no phone reception or Wi-Fi, and the ranch was completely isolated from the outside world.[55] Many gymnasts who attended the camp described the food as terrible and alleged that Márta would constantly watch what and how they ate.[56] Out of fear that it would affect their Olympic chances and make them appear difficult to work with, the young girls were too afraid to show pain or ask for necessities.[57] Elite gymnasts described these camps as a “culture of fear and silence” where the gymnasts were taught to fear the Károlyis.[58] The Károlyis sold their ranch to USAG in 2016.[59] In the wake of the Nassar trials, USAG pulled out of the deal, and the ranch was closed permanently.[60]
3. Sexual Abuse
In this culture of abuse, where teenage gymnasts were isolated from their coaches and families and taught not to speak up, Dr. Larry Nassar preyed on and sexually abused hundreds of young girls.[61] Nassar became the national team medical coordinator for USAG in 1996, a position he held until 2015.[62] Because the Károlyis’ ranch was the training camp site for the national team, Nassar was present during the mandatory camps.[63] The Károlyis required all the gymnasts at their camps to attend treatment with Nassar.[64] At the Károlyi camps, Nassar positioned himself as a friend and confidant to the gymnasts.[65] Then, during the gymnast’s required treatment session with him, Nassar sexually abused the gymnasts under the guise of medical treatment.[66] In 2017, Nassar pleaded guilty to federal child pornography and multiple sexual abuse charges.[67] He is currently serving a sixty-year sentence in federal prison.[68]
C. The SafeSport Act
In response to the Larry Nassar abuse, Congress passed the SafeSport Act (“the Act”) in 2018.[69] The Act designated the United States Center for SafeSport (“SafeSport”) to prevent abuse of minor athletes.[70] The Act has jurisdiction over any facility under the umbrella of a National Governing Body (“NGB”).[71] So, all facilities, coaches, athletes, and volunteers who are members of USAG must comply with the Act.[72]
The Act has five main provisions.[73] First, SafeSport is responsible for developing training, policies, and procedures to hold NGBs accountable for preventing abuse.[74] Next, the Act designates all adults who are USAG members or are authorized to work with minors through USAG as mandatory reporters.[75] Mandatory reporters are required by law to report any suspected incident of child abuse to law enforcement and SafeSport within 24 hours.[76] Third, the Act allows SafeSport to implement procedures that limit one-on-one interactions between minor athletes and adults.[77] Fourth, the Act protects anyone who reports child abuse to SafeSport from retaliation.[78] Last, SafeSport must submit an annual report to Congress describing its activities.[79]
A claimant wishing to report abuse they observed or experienced may report to SafeSport, law enforcement, or both.[80] SafeSport has exclusive jurisdiction over reports of sexual misconduct or abuse relating to sexual misconduct.[81] SafeSport has discretionary jurisdiction over non-sexual child abuse, including emotional and physical misconduct.[82] This means that while SafeSport is required to investigate sexual abuse allegations, it does not have to investigate other forms of abuse if it does not wish to do so.[83] Once SafeSport receives a claim, it notifies the applicable NGB, conducts a preliminary inquiry, and then investigates further if deemed appropriate.[84] The claimant and respondent may submit evidence and identify witnesses during the investigation.[85] The investigators then compile the evidence into a formal report.[86] This report is then shared with a committee of reviewers and the legal team.[87] If SafeSport finds a violation of the Act or its code, it will provide an appropriate sanction.[88]
D. Failings of The Act
While Congress passed the Act in good faith, the Act has not accomplished its goals. SafeSport has imposed protective measures and sanctions on only five percent of the investigated individuals.[89] Further, USAG has failed to hold coaches accountable even after they have been sanctioned through SafeSport.[90] SafeSport also does not keep updated statistics on how many cases have been filed, resolved, or closed within its system.[91] The inefficiency of SafeSport can be attributed to three main factors: its lack of resources, lack of funds, and lack of independence from the United States Olympic and Paralympic Committee (“USOPC”).
SafeSport lacks the resources to properly care for and aid the victims who send in reports. SafeSport receives approximately one hundred and fifty new reports weekly, with at least one thousand cases currently open.[92] Complainants go months, or even years, without receiving a resolution for their case.[93]
Because SafeSport cannot adequately address all the reports it receives, complaints unrelated to sexual abuse that involve physical or emotional abuse are left unresolved or are closed without investigation.[94] For example, former elite gymnast Sydney Friedin reported the physical and emotional abuse of her coach, Artur Akopyan, in 2020.[95] Friedin, alongside ten other gymnasts, alleged that Akopyan abused them by flinging them in the air out of rage, body shaming them, mocking them, and leaving bruises after holding them to the ground.[96] SafeSport claimed it did not find enough evidence to move forward and closed the case.[97] Akopyan is still coaching minor gymnasts today without restriction.[98] Thus, its lack of resources has caused SafeSport to put physical and emotional abuse allegations on the back burner, going against the spirit of the Act.
When Congress first passed the Act, the bill’s final language did not contain any language about how the Act should be funded.[99] SafeSport is forced to rely on grants to function.[100] Because of this, SafeSport largely relies on the USOPC for funding.[101] SafeSport does not have enough funds to accommodate its growing caseload efficiently.[102]
While the Act gave SafeSport congressional authority in 2018, SafeSport was actually created and trademarked by the USOPC in 2011.[103] The USOPC created SafeSport as a scapegoat after facing criticism for ignoring a plethora of sexual abuse allegations.[104] SafeSport primarily functioned as a marketing scheme until the Act.[105] Before the Act, its website did not mention law enforcement or any authority outside the Olympic system.[106] Its meeting minutes did not reflect a substantial discussion on preventing abuse.[107] The USOPC even used SafeSport to deflect fault during the Larry Nassar trials.[108]
Even though the Act requires that SafeSport be independent of the USOPC to avoid any conflict of interest, USOPC’s deep ties with SafeSport inhibit its ability to run efficiently.[109] The USOPC has an incentive to avoid lawsuits and sexual abuse allegations against it or the NGBs it oversees because allegations threaten its commercial success.[110] For example, in 2016, the USOPC received over $170 million in revenue for broadcasting rights alone.[111] Thus, because SafeSport was founded on principles that prioritize money over athletes and because the USOPC is responsible for most of SafeSport’s funding, SafeSport is significantly inhibited by the USOPC’s influence over its system.
III. Discussion
Overall, the Act’s fundamental failings can be traced to a common theme: Congress’s unwillingness to fully acknowledge that child abuse within elite gymnastics should be a national priority. This issue is exacerbated by the unwillingness of the USOPC and USAG to take responsibility for their participation in the perpetuation of abuse. The proposed solutions cannot undo the decades of harm that hundreds of elite gymnasts have experienced. Still, the propositions can strengthen the Act by holding the USOPC accountable and preventing the future abuse of vulnerable athletes.
A. Increase Resources
SafeSport could be strengthened by creating a new federal office overseeing grassroots sports.[112] Grassroots sports are community-based sports that focus more on participation than competition.[113] SafeSport oversees elite athletes and grassroots sports, which, while technically under an NGB, have separate challenges and issues from elite sports.[114] If Congress created a new federal office that oversaw and prevented abuse in grassroots sports, SafeSport’s caseload would be significantly lowered, and it could focus primarily on addressing abuses in elite sports. This would, in theory, allow SafeSport to provide better transparency to its claimants and allow them to examine more claims of physical and emotional abuse.
B. Increase Funding
Congress modeled and structured SafeSport based on its successful U.S. Anti-Doping Agency (“USADA”).[115] USADA serves as the national anti-doping program for the USOPC.[116] USADA’s success is attributed to its budget – it received $28.5 million in 2022 – and its complete separation from the USOPC.[117] Therefore, for SafeSport to be as successful as USADA, Congress must increase SafeSport’s mere $2.3 million budget to accommodate its large caseload.[118] Increased funding would enable SafeSport to efficiently resolve its reports and help separate SafeSport from financially relying on the USOPC.
C. Creating Independence
The third way to strengthen the Act would be to restructure the Olympic governing system, which would help separate SafeSport from the USOPC. Congress last restructured the Olympic system in 1977 with the Ted Stevens Olympic and Amateur Sports Act.[119] Congress passed the Ted Stevens Act to better their chances of winning medals against the Soviet Union during the Cold War, and it established the modern U.S. Olympic system by creating the USOPC and the NGBs.[120] By enacting the Ted Stevens Act, Congress created a system in which medals are prioritized over an athlete’s well-being. Therefore, Congress must also be responsible for implementing lasting, meaningful changes to rectify past abuse and prevent future abuse within the system they created. Whether Congress increases its oversight over the USOPC, conditions its recognition of a NGB on compliance with SafeSport, or mandates a severance between USOPC and SafeSport, one thing is clear: the current Olympic system is not protecting elite gymnasts, and Congress is, at least partially, responsible.
IV. Conclusion
The culture of abuse that has developed in elite gymnasts cannot be attributed to one person or entity. The young age of most elite gymnasts, coupled with the sexualization inherent in the sport, allowed for the coaches, USAG, USOPC, and even Congress to normalize the exploitation of elite gymnasts. The Act is the first step towards eradicating child abuse in elite gymnastics. While it has helped some abuse victims find their voices and hold their abusers accountable, SafeSport is not adequately equipped to address the culture of abuse that has permeated women’s gymnastics. To eradicate physical, emotional, and sexual abuse in gymnastics, SafeSport must be given better resources, and Congress must stop prioritizing medals over the well-being of children by reforming how it oversees elite sports.
[1] Ashlee Buhler, Simone Biles Becomes Most Decorated U.S. Olympic Gymnast, leads Team USA to Women’s Team Gold, NBC Olympics (July 30, 2024, 2:22 P.M.), https://www.nbcolympics.com/news/simone-biles-becomes-most-decorated-us-olympic-gymnast-leads-team-usa-womens-team-gold.
[2] Carrie McDonald, Why is Simone Biles the GOAT? A Look at All Her Accomplishments before Paris Olympics, USA Today (July 22, 2024, 2:09 PM), https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2024/07/22/simone-biles-goat-gymnastics-2024-paris-olympics/74103678007/.
[3] Scottie Andrew, Simone Biles’ Withdrawal Reminds us that She’s Human – and Still Very Much the GOAT, CNN Sports (July 28, 2021, 8:50 AM), https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/27/sport/simone-biles-tokyo-olympics-withdrawal-spt-trnd/index.html.
[4] Id.
[5] 36 U.S.C.A. § 220541 (West 2020).
[6] Andrew, supra note 3.
[7] Georgia Cervin, Degrees of Difficulty: How Women’s Gymnastics Rose to Prominence and Fell From Grace, 281 (Aram Goudsouzian & Jamie Schultz eds., 2021).
[8] Id. at 45.
[9] Id.
[10] About USA Gymnastics, USA Gymnastics, https://usagym.org/about/ (last visited Nov. 4, 2024).
[11] Id.
[12] Resources for National Governing Bodies, U.S. Olympic & Paralympic Comm., https://www.usopc.org/ngb-resources (last visited Nov. 4, 2024).
[13] cervin, supra note 7 at 51, 54.
[14] Id. at 1.
[15] Eddie Pells, Formed to Combat Olympic Sex Abuse, SafeSport Center is Struggling 6 Years after Opening, Associated Press, (July 27, 2023, 10:34 AM), https://apnews.com/article/olympics-sex-abuse-safesport-nassar-dff194c817ea985fe7f94055edbeb0b7.
[16] cervin, supra note 7 at 35, 42.
[17] Id. at 55.
[18] Id. at 199.
[19] Id.
[20] Id. at 201-202.
[21] USA Gymnastics (@USAGym), X (Jun. 18, 2021, 2:01PM), https://x.com/USAGym/status/1405948884392763396.
[22] cervin, supra note 7 at 95.
[23] Amateur vs. Professional Athletes, US Legal, https://education.uslegal.com/amateur-athletics/amateur-vs-professional-athletes/ (last visited Nov. 4, 2024).
[24] cervin, supra note 7 at 78.
[25] Id.
[26] Id. at 75.
[27] Id. at 267-268.
[28] Id. at 78.
[29] Id. at 75.
[30] Id. at 72, 151.
[31] Id. at 59.
[32] Id. at 276.
[33] Id. at 264, 276.
[34] Id. at 105,110, 159.
[35] Id. at 278-80.
[36] Id. at 239.
[37] Id. at 280.
[38] Id. at 282.
[39] Id.
[40] Id. at 282.
[41] Id. at 281.
[42] Id.
[43] Id.
[44] Id.
[45] Id.
[46] Id. at 283.
[47] Id. at 292.
[48] Id. at 292-3.
[49] Id.
[50] Id.
[51] Id. at 293.
[52] Elite Program, USA Gymnastics, https://usagym.org/women/elite/#:~:text=The%20National%20Teams%20(Senior%20and,be%20up%20to%2028%20athletes (last visited Nov. 6, 2024).
[53] cervin, supra note 7 at 282.
[54] Id. at 283.
[55] Id.
[56] Id. at 282.
[57] Id. at 283.
[58] Id. at 283, 291.
[59] Bonnie D. Ford & Alyssa Roenigk, The Gymnastics Factory The Rise and Fall of the Karolyi Ranch, ESPN (July 14, 2020), https://www.espn.com/espn/feature/story/_/id/29235446/the-Károlyi-ranch-where-us-women-gymnastics-gold-was-forged-price.
[60] Id.
[61] John Barr & Dan Murphy, Nassar Surrounded by Adults who Enabled his Predatory Behavior, ESPN (Jan. 16, 2018, 8:00 AM), https://www.espn.com/espn/otl/story/_/id/22046031/michigan-state-university-doctor-larry-nassar-surrounded-enablers-abused-athletes-espn.
[62] Id.
[63] cervin, supra note 7 at 282,285.
[64] Carla Correa, The #MeToo Moment: For U.S. Gymnasts, Why Did Justice Take So Long?, N.Y. Times (Jan. 25, 2018), https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/25/us/the-metoo-moment-for-us-gymnasts-olympics-nassar-justice.html.
[65] cervin, supra note 7 at 285.
[66] Correa, supra note 64.
[67] C.A. Bridges, Ex-USA Gymnastics Doctor Larry Nassar was Stabbed in a Florida Prison. Here’s what we know., Tallahassee Democrat (July 11, 2023, 9:26 AM), https://www.tallahassee.com/story/news/local/2023/07/11/larry-nassar-ex-gymnastics-doctor-convicted-sexual-abuse-stabbed-in-prison-what-we-know/70400955007/.
[68] Id.
[69] 36 U.S.C.A. § 22054 (West 2020).
[70] Id.
[71] Id.
[72] Id.
[73]Id.
[74] Id.
[75] Safe Sport Act: Overview, Implications for YMCAs, FAQs, and Resources, The YMCA (May 2019), https://www.gomotionapp.com/yusa/UserFiles/File/safe-sport-act-overview-5-30-19_057460.pdf .
[76] Id.
[77] Id.
[78] 36 U.S.C.A. § 220541 (West 2020).
[79] Id.
[80] Safesport Code for the U.S. Olympic and Paralympic Movement at 3, U.S. Center for Safesport (July 1, 2024), https://uscenterforsafesport.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/2024_SafeSportCode-_073124_v3-A-.pdf.
[81] Id. at 2.
[82] Id.
[83] Id. at 3.
[84] Id. at 31.
[85] Id. at 36.
[86] Response and Resolution Process Overview, U.S. Center for Safesport (July 2024), https://uscenterforsafesport.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/SafeSport-Process-Factsheet.pdf.
[87] Id.
[88] Id.
[89] Grassley Demands SafeSport, USA Gymnastics Do More to Protect Athletes, Chuck Grassley (Aug. 1, 2024), https://www.grassley.senate.gov/news/news-releases/grassley-demands-safesport-usa-gymnastics-do-more-to-protect-athletes.
[90] Nancy Armour, U.S. Center for SafeSport was Created to Protect Athletes from Abuse. But is it Working?, USA Today (May 22, 2023, 9:51 AM), https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2023/05/22/safesport-goal-protect-athletes-abuse-criticism/70236315007/.
[91] Id.
[92] Id.
[93] Id.
[94] Molly Hensley-Clancy, Accused of Abuse — and Back in the Gym, The Washington Post (July 23, 2024, 5:00 AM), https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/olympics/2024/07/23/gymnastics-abuse-safe-sport/.
[95] Id.
[96] Id.
[97] Id.
[98] Id.
[99] Diana Moskovitz, SafeSport, The USOC’s Attempt To Stop Child Abuse, Is Set Up To Fail—Just Like It Was Supposed To, Deadspin (July 24, 2018, 9:25 AM), https://deadspin.com/safesport-the-usocs-attempt-to-stop-child-abuse-is-se-1826279217/.
[100] Id.
[101] Id.
[102] Id.
[103] Id.
[104] Id.
[105] Id.
[106] Id.
[107] Id.
[108] Id.
[109] Id.
[110] Id.
[111] Id.
[112] Passing the Torch: Modernizing Olympic, Paralympic, & Grassroots Sports in America, Commission on the State of U.S. Olympics & Paralympics (2024), https://static1.squarespace.com/static/642af7d875688d63cfff08be/t/65e1bc1bf438017c9d43ba82/1709292599616/CSUSOP+Final+Report+%28Digital%29.pdf.
[113] What Are Grassroots Sports & Why Are They Important, OLIK Sport, https://oliksport.com/blog/what-are-grassroots-sports (last visited Oct. 31, 2024).
[114] Pells, supra note 15.
[115] Id.
[116] About USADA, U.S. Anti-Doping Agency, http://www.usada.org/about/ (last visited Oct. 31, 2024).
[117] Pells, supra note 15.
[118] Id.
[119] Diana Moskovitz, What Will it Take to Fix SafeSport?, Defector (Apr, 9, 2024), https://defector.com/what-will-it-take-to-fix-safesport.
[120] Id.
Cover Photo by Tima Miroshnichenko on Pexels.
